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April 2013 www.sname.org/sname/mt low-speed end, the Smart ForFour exhibits a slight improvement on the GvK automobile line. At the higher-speed end, commercial vehicles now are capable of speeds reaching into the region of Gabrielli and von Kármáns racecar line and fall well below that line in most cases. For jet airplanes, Gabrielli and von Kármán use static thrust divided by gross weight to dene specic resistance, and that practice is continued here. ey also note that no data were available when they did their study for airplanes with supersonic velocity at level ight. Several of those are now included, extending the specic resistance data to much higher speeds. Overall, it is interes ting to note that, with the few exceptions previously noted, recent vehicles do not exhibit significant improvement in specic resistance over the pre-1950 vehicle classes. Only very large ships have significantly exceeded the GvK limit line. It is also interesting to note that the so- called technology gap still exists in the speed range from about 50-100 m/s. No vehicles in this range were found that approach the GvK limit line. It also will be interesting to see how the continuing story unfolds, and where new technologies developed over the next 60 years fall on this plot. MTWayne L. Neu is associate professor of aerospace and ocean engineering at Virginia Tech. INSTALLED POWER KWWEIGHT KNMAX. SPEED M/S0 VEHICLE NAMEVEHICLE TYPE 4050 23913.64.5 0.03764HMCS Victoria (SSK-876) (submerged)Attack submarine (diesel) 317 2969.34.6 0.02306F/V Time Bandit Fishing vessel 700001687320.04.9 0.00850Saipem 7000 Crane vessel 3733 21134.05.1 0.03434HOS Dominator Oshore supply vessel 21.6 5.6 0.16983PT i2 Segway 27150568815.86.2 0.00773 Chikyu Scienti?c drilling ship 294.7 6.3 0.99884Sun Tracker Bass Buggy Pontoon bass Bboat 39600980665.06.7 0.00604 Far Samson Tug boat 85722.46.9 0.01705 Nomad 1000 (submerged) Luxury sub 2620 11672.27.2 0.03122Avenger class MCM Minesweeper 2720 14964.07.2 0.02525 Elbe SWATH pilot station ship 235353417964.07.2 0.000956 La Paz VLCC 1252833230.07.6 0.04961USNS Grasp (T-ARS-51) Rescue/salvage ship 258493424815.47.7 0.000978 British Pride P-class VLCC 3000 25389.07.7 0.01531R/V Kilo Moana SWATH research vessel 29411 3553761.07.7 0.00107 Younara Glory VLCC 265973171930.08.0 0.00104Frontline C-class VLCC 4623 19936.08.0 0.02882CCG Willow (WLB-202) Buoy tender/multi- mission cutter 4526449820.18.0 0.11291USNS Henson (T-ASG-63) Oceanographic survey ship 226803404307.08.1 0.000825 Smiti VLCC 373006445352.08.2 0.00070 Seawise Giant ULCC 27561 3499916.08.2 0.000957 Eagle Valencia VLCC 13700394814.08.2 0.00422USNS Lawrence H. Gianella Tanker 11036 84694.18.2 0.01583ACV Ocean Protector Customs vessel 1800 9465.88.2 0.02310 Sonnenkönigin Passenger ship 236012107923.08.4 0.00134 Exxon Valdez VLCC 374645078536.08.5 0.00087TI Oceania ULCC 332743522157.08.6 0.001094Abqaiq VLCC 22380159488.08.7 0.01605USCGC Healy (WACB-20) Icebreaker 12000209244.08.7 0.00656 City of St. Petersburg Car transport cargo ship 6849 39856.18.9 0.01922Kilo-class (submerged) Diesel submarine Learn More For further information on Gabrielli-von Kármán and vehicular performance, check out the following resources. What price speed? Speci?c power required for propul- sion of vehicles,? by G. Gabrielli and T. von Kármán, Mechanical Engineering, ASME, Vol. 72, No.10 (1950) Time is energy,? by J. T. Stamper, Aeronautical J., Vol. 79 (1975) What Price Speed, Revisited,? by S. Teitler, and R. E. Proodian, J. Energy , Vol. 4, No. 1 (1980) Design Trends in High Speed Transport,? by C. Kennell, Marine Technology , Vol, 35, No. 3 (1998) What Price Speed ? Revisited,? by J. Yong, R. Smith, L. Hatano, and S. Hillmansen, Ingenia , Vol. 22 (2005) The Energetic Performance of Vehicles,? by Radtke, J.L., Open Fuels & Energy Sci. J. , Vol 1 (2008) For the complete vehicle characteristics listing generated by the students at Virginia Tech, go to www.sname.org/mt/WebExclusive.