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which demonstrates the relevance of developing near-to-market solutions; and the turbocharging and variable nozzle ring project conducted by ABB and A.P. Moller-Maersk. Trim optimization is another area that is experienc -ing greater focus. is is because trim is a low-hanging fruit,? as it can be done without major retrotting, depend- ing on the solution.Trim optimization is a way of optimizing a ships energy eciency during operation. Choosing the opti- mum trim has a signicant impact on fuel consumption for ship types such as container vessels, due to the eect of the ships bulbous bow and relatively high operating speed. However, trim optimization also can be adapted to other vessel types such as tankers and bulk carriers. The potential gain of using trim optimization depends not only on vessel type and size, but also on the way the vessel is operated. In a recent study com- pleted as part of the Green Ship of the Future program, the operational data for six 10,000 DWT tankers of 118 m, operated by Nordic Tanker, were analyzed with respect to trim optimization. e operational data used in the study came from the noon reports submitted by the six ship crews from October 2009 to January 2012, logged with SeaTrend, our onboard tool here at FORCE Technology. From the dataset, the distance sailed, speed, draft, and actual trim were used to compute the potential saving by using trim optimization. e results of the study showed an average fuel saving per day of 2.9% when using optimum trim, compared to the way the vessel was actually operated. For tankers, the major gain from trim optimization was achieved in ballast condition in which there was better opportunity to use the ballast water to achieve optimum trim. e study showed that the average potential saving was 2.6% for loaded con- ditions and 3.7% for ballast condition. When operating at a fuel price of $615 per ton, the ROI was, in all, 274 days at sea, or for the six vessels, 46 days at sea per vessel. The studies Besides facilitating partner projects, Green Ship of the Future conducts low-emission studies on dierent vessel types. Each major study comprises a number of part- ner projects but the content of these projects is targeted towards the specic study and vessel type. e rst two low-emission studies were conducted on a bulk carrier and an A-class container vessel and showed that it is pos- sible to decrease emission levels signicantly. In 2012, Green Ship of the Future finalized a study on a DS Norden tanker in relation to sailing in emission controlled areas. In the study, the technical and nancial feasibility was evaluated of three dierent approaches to liv- ing up to the regulations of sailing on fuel oil with a sulphur level of maximum 0.1% or cleaning the exhaust gas to an equivalent level. In the latest study, a Ro/Pax ferry is evalu- ated in order to make it 25% more energy ecient. Besides the tangible energy eciency, the focus of the study is on making sure that the dierent partner solutions are used to the maximum in the design of the ferry. is requires two to three design iterations with a thorough assessment of the eect of the dierent solutions. e setup in Green Ship of the Future is unique as it is a private-public partnership between stakeholders from all parts of the Danish maritime industry, relying solely January 2013 www.sname.org/sname/mt (mt notes) Danish Evolution continued Denmark-based Nordens Nord Neptune is a Panamax dry cargo vessel, built in 2006. Photo courtesy DS Norden.