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October 2011 www.sname.org/sname/mt Industrial emissions have increased substantially in the last 100 years, releasing unde- sirable byproducts into the atmosphere. Particularly detrimental byproducts include nitrogen oxides (NO X), sulphur oxides (SO X), and carbon dioxide (CO 2).Vehicles on land, sea, and air remain substantial sources of emissions. Data from the year 2000 indicate that the U.S. transportation industry alone accounted for 55% of total man-made sources of NO X. At least 30% of the national fossil fuel-related CO 2 emis- sions in 1999 were attributed to the transportation industry. e International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) was revised in 2008 to set stricter standards for emissions from ships. Globally, sulphur content in fuels will be limited to 0.5% from 2020 and on (versus 4.5% now). New limitations also will be imposed on NO X emissions. e requirements for the timing and amounts of sulphur FUELING with LNG Operational design considerations for marine craft powered by lique?ed natural gas BY JOHN W. BOYLSTON Stril Pioneer , a VS 4403 design by Wärtsilä Ship Design Norway, has been in operation since 2003. The vessel is a gas-driven platform supply vessel with four Wärtsilä 6L32DF engines. Photo by Harald M. Valderhaug.